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Title
Aviation safety and directions for development of training simulators for air traffic management specialists
Author/Authors
A.R. Bestugin, A.D. Philin, A.Y. Shatrakov. Under scientific editorship of Y.G. Shatrakov
Pages
516
Publication date
2017
Type
The monograph
Format
Paper book
1000 Rub
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Organizational issues for safety aviation are considered. Human factor is a significant one in all accidents that happen in state and commercial aviation. The crucial inescapable link that conditions the reliability of air traffic management (ATM) systems, as complex ergonomic systems, is a flight dispatcher. The general trend of flight dispatcher’s reliability growth demands increased implementation of simulator devices that provides the necessary high level of theoretical and practical training and upgrade of all flight dispatcher’ skills. An advanced scientific approach to design and implementation of training simulators for ATM specialists’ educational courses in order to enhance civil aviation safety in complex environments is considered in the monograph. The current state of innovative and breakthrough technologies provides implementation of advanced methods in design of training simulators for air space radio control that allow to significantly increase the simulation adequacy of all ATM technological processes and expand their learning and teaching capabilities.
The authors pay close attention to breakthrough technologies application in design of training simulators for ATM specialists. The aim of this monograph is to lay out the functional, learning and teaching capabilities of the present and perspective training aids that are used in ATM specialist’s education and upgrade. The original principles, optimal algorithms and special methods of training simulators design as well as air traffic control tower computation are provided in the book.
The monograph contains research results and main algorithms of information modeling of ATM specialists’ working places. Modeling methods for air space and ground aerodrome environment are represented along with modeling methods for radiotechnical facilities for flight servicing that passed experimental and practical tests in the ATM training centers. The directions of the development and further improvement of training complexes are shown, it is substantiated that training simulators of fifth generation will constitute an expert adaptive system. The ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices in safety aviation were used in the book, such as Annex 19 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation “Safety Management” and other ICAO materials, including three editions of “Safety Management Manual” (1-st edition of 2006, 2-nd edition of 2009 and 3-d edition of 2013). In these documents great attention is paid to the considerations and thorough analysis of human factor in aviation and its impact on safety. The further development and implementation of training simulators are very important for aviation safety imprinting.
The monograph is intended for radiotechnical specialists in: radiolocation, radio navigation, navigation and air traffic management, system analysis, modeling of radiotechnical systems. The monograph was prepared for publication by the scientists and members of the base faculty “Radiotechnical systems of ATM instrumentation and their exploitation” in the Federal State autonomous institution of higher professional education “Saint-Petersburg State University of Aerospace instrumentation” (SUAI).
The authors pay close attention to breakthrough technologies application in design of training simulators for ATM specialists. The aim of this monograph is to lay out the functional, learning and teaching capabilities of the present and perspective training aids that are used in ATM specialist’s education and upgrade. The original principles, optimal algorithms and special methods of training simulators design as well as air traffic control tower computation are provided in the book.
The monograph contains research results and main algorithms of information modeling of ATM specialists’ working places. Modeling methods for air space and ground aerodrome environment are represented along with modeling methods for radiotechnical facilities for flight servicing that passed experimental and practical tests in the ATM training centers. The directions of the development and further improvement of training complexes are shown, it is substantiated that training simulators of fifth generation will constitute an expert adaptive system. The ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices in safety aviation were used in the book, such as Annex 19 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation “Safety Management” and other ICAO materials, including three editions of “Safety Management Manual” (1-st edition of 2006, 2-nd edition of 2009 and 3-d edition of 2013). In these documents great attention is paid to the considerations and thorough analysis of human factor in aviation and its impact on safety. The further development and implementation of training simulators are very important for aviation safety imprinting.
The monograph is intended for radiotechnical specialists in: radiolocation, radio navigation, navigation and air traffic management, system analysis, modeling of radiotechnical systems. The monograph was prepared for publication by the scientists and members of the base faculty “Radiotechnical systems of ATM instrumentation and their exploitation” in the Federal State autonomous institution of higher professional education “Saint-Petersburg State University of Aerospace instrumentation” (SUAI).
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1.
AVIATION SAFETY OVERSIGHT ANALYSIS
1.1. Aviation safety oversight system
1.1.1. ICAO normative legal documents on aviation safety oversight and aviation accidents investigations
1.1.2. Development of the theory and systems of aviation safety
1.1.3. Multifaceted approach to the aviation safety problem
1.2. Analysis of causes for aviation accidents
1.2.1. State aviation agency’s concept on aviation safety
1.2.2. Model for determination of aviation accidents’ causes from organizational factors
CHAPTER 2.
AVIATION EVENTS AND THEIR INVESTIGATIONS
2.1. Aircraft accidents and incidents investigation practices according to ICAO standards
2.1.1. Main definitions of aircraft accidents
2.1.2. Notification of an aircraft accident
2.1.3. Investigation of the aircraft accidents
2.1.4. Examples of the serious incidents
2.2. Aircraft accident investigation organization
2.2.1. Classification and definition of aviation events
2.2.2 Aircraft accident investigation organization
2.2.3. Aircraft incident investigation organization
2.2.4. List of events under investigation in air traffic service procedures
2.2.5. Air traffic management command team schedule
CHAPTER 3.
PROBLEM OF HUMAN FACTOR IN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
3.1. Human factor in air traffic management system
3.1.1.Conception of human factor
3.1.2.Conceptual model of human factor
3.1.3. Development of flight safety culture
3.2. Human factor impact on flight safety
3.2.1. Physical origin of human errors
3.2.2. Classification of error types
3.2.3. Errors and their conseqencies
3.2.4. Errors and error induced failures
CHAPTER 4
FLIGHT SAFETY MANAGEMENT
4.1. Foundations of flight safety management
4.1.1. Conception of flight safety management
4.1.2. Factors affecting flight safety management system
4.1.3. Guidance on flight safety management
4.2. Flight safety management methods
4.2.1. Means of data collection on flight safety
4.2.2. Recommendations on flight safety management
4.2.3 Flight safety management structural elements
4.2.4. Main tasks in flight safety management
CHAPTER 5
RECOGNITION OF SAFETY CONCERNS AND RISK FACTORS MANAGEMENT
5.1. Safety concerns
5.1.1. Safety concerns and consequences
5.1.2. Concept of safety concern
5.1.3. Recognition of safety concerns
Safety concerns analysis
5.2. Sources of safety concerns
5.2.1. Safety concerns data system
5.2.2. Flight accident data representation system
5.2.3. Internal sources of risk factors reveal
5.3. Flight safety risk factors
5.3.1. Flight safety risk factors definition
5.3.2. Risk factors management
5.3.3. Risk factors probability
5.3.4. Risk factors criterion score
5.3.5. Risk factors acceptability
5.3.6. Risk factors decrease control
CHAPTER 6.
FLIGHT SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
6.1. ICAO standards on flight safety management
6.1.1. ICAO requirements on flight safety management
6.1.2. Flight safety management State programme
6.1.3. Flight safety management system
6.2. Flight safety management system functioning
6.2.1.Concept of flight safety management system
6.2.2. Flight safety popularization
6.2.3. Stage approach to flight safety management system implementation
CHAPTER 7.
FLIGHT SAFETY OVERSIGHT THROUGH AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
7.1. Threat factors and errors control through air traffic management
7.1.1. Concept of threat factors and errors control
7.1.2.Threats through air traffic management
7.1.3. Systemic errors through air traffic management
7.1.4. Undesirable states
7.1.5. Threat factors and errors control
7.2. Flight safety condition analysis
7.2.1. Data collection methods
7.2.2. Assessment of flight safety performance examination methods
CHAPTER 8.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TRAINING AIDS FOR AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL – IMPORTANT FACTOR IN FLIGHT SAFETY ENHANCEMENT
8.1.Main directions and actual tasks for theory and practice of training aids implementation for aviation management personnel
8.2. Classification of training aids for aviation management personnel
8.2.1. Generations of training aids for aviation management personnel
8.2.2. Main divisions of simulator complexes for aviation management personnel
8.2.3. Methodology of learning and training process organization
8.2.4. Characteristics of the training aids used in the states of EUROCONTROL zone
8.3. Characteristics of simulator complexes for airspace radar monitoring systems
8.3.1. Simulator complex for air traffic controllers
8.3.2. Simulator complex for training flight management team members and command posts unit members
CHAPTER 9.
RESEARCH ON THE MODELING ADEQUACY REQUIREMENTS TO SIMULATOR COMPLEXES FOR AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL
9.1. Simulator modeling adequacy analysis
9.2. Performance requirements to simulator complexes for aviation management personnel
9.2.1. Performance requirements to simulator complexes for air traffic controllers
9.2.2. Performance requirements to simulator complexes for training flight management team members and command posts unit members
9.3. Intermittent character of model functioning and its influence on the modeling accuracy
9.4. Research on modeling adequacy estimations for control response in simulator complexes for airspace radar monitoring systems
CHAPTER 10.
ARCHITECTURE OF SIMULATOR COMPLEXES FOR AIRSPACE RADAR MONITORING SYSTEMS
10.1. Structure of a systemic simulator complex for civil aviation air traffic controllers as an imitation model for the radar monitoring system controlled airspace environment
10.2. Configuration of the training modules structure in systemic simulator complexes for air traffic controllers
10.3. Modules structure organization in systemic simulator complexes
10.4. Simulator complex for training flight management team members and command posts unit members
10.4.1. Simulator complex for training flight management team members as an imitation model for controlled airspace environment
10.4.2. Simulator complex as an imitation model for bi-directional training for military aviation management personnel
10.4.3. Simulator complex for cooperative training of flight management team members and crew members
10.4.4. Simulator complex for cooperative training of military command officers and ground automated control systems’ unit members
10.5. Organizational protocol of time and information interaction in simulator complexes as an imitation models for controlled airspace environment
CHAPTER 11.
AUTOMATED WORK STATIONS OF SIMULATOR COMPLEXES FOR AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL
11.1. Automated work station for the training leader
11.2. Automated work station for the pilot-operator
11.3. Automated work station for the radar monitoring system traffic controller
11.4. Automated work station for the procedural air traffic controller
11.5. Automated work station for the planning controller
11.6. Automated work stations for the aerodrome command traffic station controllers
11.6.1. Automated work station for the approach controller
11.6.2. Automated work stations for the runway and taxiing controllers
11.6.3. Automated work station for simulator complex air traffic manager
11.7. Automated work station for simulator complex near zone air traffic manager
11.8. Automated work station for simulator complex far zone command officer
CHAPTER 12.
ORGANIZATION OF THE “GROUND-AIR” RADIO COMMUNICATION SIMULATION AND SUBORDINATE LOUD-SPEAKING COMMUNICATION SIMULATION
12.1. Imitational voice communication modeling in simulator complexes for aviation management personnel
12.2. Design principles for simulation voice communication system in simulation complexes
CHAPTER 13.
COMPUTER-AIDED TRAINING TOOLS FOR AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL PROFICIENCY MAINTAINING
13.1. Computer-aided training and knowledge control system in simulator complex
13.2. The structure of knowledge data base in computer-aided training tool
13.3. Arrangement of remote training for aviation management personnel
CHAPTER 14.
AIRSPACE ENVIRONMENT MODELING
14.1. Aircraft movement modeling
14.2. Automated path generation for moving objects on the airfield
14.3. Imitation of meteorological information in simulator complexes
14.4. Planned flight information modeling
14.5. Intermittent shaping of radar monitoring information in simulation complex
CHAPTER 15.
RADIO-TECHNICAL FLIGHT SUPPORT FACILITIES MODELING IN SIMULATOR COMPLEX
15.1. Organization and methodology for simulation of radio-technical flight support facilities in simulator complexes
15.2. Imitation method for modeling primary radar monitoring stations in simulator complexes
15.3. Methodology for modeling secondary radar monitoring stations in simulator complexes
15.4. Simulation of radio-technical flight support facilities malfunctioning
15.5. Modeling of emergency situations in simulator complexes
15.6. Modeling of the visual airfield environment
CHAPTER 16.
DATA BASES IN SIMULATOR COMPLEXES FOR AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL
16.1. Management and structural organization of data bases in simulator complexes
16.2. Organization and management of data bases for airspace radar zones and aerodromes parameters in simulator complexes
16.3. Organization methodology and interactive interface for data bases management of aircraft parameters in simulator complexes
16.4. Organization and interactive management for data base modeling radar monitoring stations
16.5. Data base organization methodology for aircraft crew reports in simulator complexes
CHAPTER 17.
AUTOMATED ESTIMATION SYSTEM FOR AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL IN SIMULATOR COMPLEXES
17.1. Drill running and documenting
17.2. Information collection and estimation during the drill
17.3. Definition of the aircraft conflict situation
17.4. Processing and documenting of the drill results
CHAPTER 18.
PERSPECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND EFFICIENCY OF USING SIMULATOR COMPLEXES IN AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL TRAINING
18.1. Economic efficiency of using simulation complexes
18.2. Learning and training efficiency of using simulation complexes
18.3 Perspectives for development of simulation complexes
18.4. Requirements to simulator complexes of fifth generation for aviation management personnel
18.5. Efficiency for simulator complex - electronic outdoor range for aviation management personnel training
References
Abbreviations
Contents
CHAPTER 1.
AVIATION SAFETY OVERSIGHT ANALYSIS
1.1. Aviation safety oversight system
1.1.1. ICAO normative legal documents on aviation safety oversight and aviation accidents investigations
1.1.2. Development of the theory and systems of aviation safety
1.1.3. Multifaceted approach to the aviation safety problem
1.2. Analysis of causes for aviation accidents
1.2.1. State aviation agency’s concept on aviation safety
1.2.2. Model for determination of aviation accidents’ causes from organizational factors
CHAPTER 2.
AVIATION EVENTS AND THEIR INVESTIGATIONS
2.1. Aircraft accidents and incidents investigation practices according to ICAO standards
2.1.1. Main definitions of aircraft accidents
2.1.2. Notification of an aircraft accident
2.1.3. Investigation of the aircraft accidents
2.1.4. Examples of the serious incidents
2.2. Aircraft accident investigation organization
2.2.1. Classification and definition of aviation events
2.2.2 Aircraft accident investigation organization
2.2.3. Aircraft incident investigation organization
2.2.4. List of events under investigation in air traffic service procedures
2.2.5. Air traffic management command team schedule
CHAPTER 3.
PROBLEM OF HUMAN FACTOR IN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
3.1. Human factor in air traffic management system
3.1.1.Conception of human factor
3.1.2.Conceptual model of human factor
3.1.3. Development of flight safety culture
3.2. Human factor impact on flight safety
3.2.1. Physical origin of human errors
3.2.2. Classification of error types
3.2.3. Errors and their conseqencies
3.2.4. Errors and error induced failures
CHAPTER 4
FLIGHT SAFETY MANAGEMENT
4.1. Foundations of flight safety management
4.1.1. Conception of flight safety management
4.1.2. Factors affecting flight safety management system
4.1.3. Guidance on flight safety management
4.2. Flight safety management methods
4.2.1. Means of data collection on flight safety
4.2.2. Recommendations on flight safety management
4.2.3 Flight safety management structural elements
4.2.4. Main tasks in flight safety management
CHAPTER 5
RECOGNITION OF SAFETY CONCERNS AND RISK FACTORS MANAGEMENT
5.1. Safety concerns
5.1.1. Safety concerns and consequences
5.1.2. Concept of safety concern
5.1.3. Recognition of safety concerns
Safety concerns analysis
5.2. Sources of safety concerns
5.2.1. Safety concerns data system
5.2.2. Flight accident data representation system
5.2.3. Internal sources of risk factors reveal
5.3. Flight safety risk factors
5.3.1. Flight safety risk factors definition
5.3.2. Risk factors management
5.3.3. Risk factors probability
5.3.4. Risk factors criterion score
5.3.5. Risk factors acceptability
5.3.6. Risk factors decrease control
CHAPTER 6.
FLIGHT SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
6.1. ICAO standards on flight safety management
6.1.1. ICAO requirements on flight safety management
6.1.2. Flight safety management State programme
6.1.3. Flight safety management system
6.2. Flight safety management system functioning
6.2.1.Concept of flight safety management system
6.2.2. Flight safety popularization
6.2.3. Stage approach to flight safety management system implementation
CHAPTER 7.
FLIGHT SAFETY OVERSIGHT THROUGH AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
7.1. Threat factors and errors control through air traffic management
7.1.1. Concept of threat factors and errors control
7.1.2.Threats through air traffic management
7.1.3. Systemic errors through air traffic management
7.1.4. Undesirable states
7.1.5. Threat factors and errors control
7.2. Flight safety condition analysis
7.2.1. Data collection methods
7.2.2. Assessment of flight safety performance examination methods
CHAPTER 8.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TRAINING AIDS FOR AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL – IMPORTANT FACTOR IN FLIGHT SAFETY ENHANCEMENT
8.1.Main directions and actual tasks for theory and practice of training aids implementation for aviation management personnel
8.2. Classification of training aids for aviation management personnel
8.2.1. Generations of training aids for aviation management personnel
8.2.2. Main divisions of simulator complexes for aviation management personnel
8.2.3. Methodology of learning and training process organization
8.2.4. Characteristics of the training aids used in the states of EUROCONTROL zone
8.3. Characteristics of simulator complexes for airspace radar monitoring systems
8.3.1. Simulator complex for air traffic controllers
8.3.2. Simulator complex for training flight management team members and command posts unit members
CHAPTER 9.
RESEARCH ON THE MODELING ADEQUACY REQUIREMENTS TO SIMULATOR COMPLEXES FOR AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL
9.1. Simulator modeling adequacy analysis
9.2. Performance requirements to simulator complexes for aviation management personnel
9.2.1. Performance requirements to simulator complexes for air traffic controllers
9.2.2. Performance requirements to simulator complexes for training flight management team members and command posts unit members
9.3. Intermittent character of model functioning and its influence on the modeling accuracy
9.4. Research on modeling adequacy estimations for control response in simulator complexes for airspace radar monitoring systems
CHAPTER 10.
ARCHITECTURE OF SIMULATOR COMPLEXES FOR AIRSPACE RADAR MONITORING SYSTEMS
10.1. Structure of a systemic simulator complex for civil aviation air traffic controllers as an imitation model for the radar monitoring system controlled airspace environment
10.2. Configuration of the training modules structure in systemic simulator complexes for air traffic controllers
10.3. Modules structure organization in systemic simulator complexes
10.4. Simulator complex for training flight management team members and command posts unit members
10.4.1. Simulator complex for training flight management team members as an imitation model for controlled airspace environment
10.4.2. Simulator complex as an imitation model for bi-directional training for military aviation management personnel
10.4.3. Simulator complex for cooperative training of flight management team members and crew members
10.4.4. Simulator complex for cooperative training of military command officers and ground automated control systems’ unit members
10.5. Organizational protocol of time and information interaction in simulator complexes as an imitation models for controlled airspace environment
CHAPTER 11.
AUTOMATED WORK STATIONS OF SIMULATOR COMPLEXES FOR AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL
11.1. Automated work station for the training leader
11.2. Automated work station for the pilot-operator
11.3. Automated work station for the radar monitoring system traffic controller
11.4. Automated work station for the procedural air traffic controller
11.5. Automated work station for the planning controller
11.6. Automated work stations for the aerodrome command traffic station controllers
11.6.1. Automated work station for the approach controller
11.6.2. Automated work stations for the runway and taxiing controllers
11.6.3. Automated work station for simulator complex air traffic manager
11.7. Automated work station for simulator complex near zone air traffic manager
11.8. Automated work station for simulator complex far zone command officer
CHAPTER 12.
ORGANIZATION OF THE “GROUND-AIR” RADIO COMMUNICATION SIMULATION AND SUBORDINATE LOUD-SPEAKING COMMUNICATION SIMULATION
12.1. Imitational voice communication modeling in simulator complexes for aviation management personnel
12.2. Design principles for simulation voice communication system in simulation complexes
CHAPTER 13.
COMPUTER-AIDED TRAINING TOOLS FOR AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL PROFICIENCY MAINTAINING
13.1. Computer-aided training and knowledge control system in simulator complex
13.2. The structure of knowledge data base in computer-aided training tool
13.3. Arrangement of remote training for aviation management personnel
CHAPTER 14.
AIRSPACE ENVIRONMENT MODELING
14.1. Aircraft movement modeling
14.2. Automated path generation for moving objects on the airfield
14.3. Imitation of meteorological information in simulator complexes
14.4. Planned flight information modeling
14.5. Intermittent shaping of radar monitoring information in simulation complex
CHAPTER 15.
RADIO-TECHNICAL FLIGHT SUPPORT FACILITIES MODELING IN SIMULATOR COMPLEX
15.1. Organization and methodology for simulation of radio-technical flight support facilities in simulator complexes
15.2. Imitation method for modeling primary radar monitoring stations in simulator complexes
15.3. Methodology for modeling secondary radar monitoring stations in simulator complexes
15.4. Simulation of radio-technical flight support facilities malfunctioning
15.5. Modeling of emergency situations in simulator complexes
15.6. Modeling of the visual airfield environment
CHAPTER 16.
DATA BASES IN SIMULATOR COMPLEXES FOR AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL
16.1. Management and structural organization of data bases in simulator complexes
16.2. Organization and management of data bases for airspace radar zones and aerodromes parameters in simulator complexes
16.3. Organization methodology and interactive interface for data bases management of aircraft parameters in simulator complexes
16.4. Organization and interactive management for data base modeling radar monitoring stations
16.5. Data base organization methodology for aircraft crew reports in simulator complexes
CHAPTER 17.
AUTOMATED ESTIMATION SYSTEM FOR AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL IN SIMULATOR COMPLEXES
17.1. Drill running and documenting
17.2. Information collection and estimation during the drill
17.3. Definition of the aircraft conflict situation
17.4. Processing and documenting of the drill results
CHAPTER 18.
PERSPECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND EFFICIENCY OF USING SIMULATOR COMPLEXES IN AVIATION MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL TRAINING
18.1. Economic efficiency of using simulation complexes
18.2. Learning and training efficiency of using simulation complexes
18.3 Perspectives for development of simulation complexes
18.4. Requirements to simulator complexes of fifth generation for aviation management personnel
18.5. Efficiency for simulator complex - electronic outdoor range for aviation management personnel training
References
Abbreviations
Contents
